The Bystander Effect By Bibb Latane And John Darley

Overview On March 13, 1964 thirty-eight neighbors failed to intervene when a 28 year old woman named Katherine â€Å"Kitty† Genovese was being murdered behind the building. (Manning, Levine, Collins, 2007). This incident proposed the experiment of the â€Å"Bystander Effect† by Bibb Latanà © and John Darley, among other scientists, to find out why thirty-eight people had not done anything to help during this situation (Latanà © Darley, 1969). According to Latanà © and Darley (1969), The Bystander Effect has three main explanations behind it, which includes diffusion of responsibility, evaluation apprehension, and pluralistic ignorance (Darley Latanà ©, 1968). Diffusion of responsibility withdraws a person from exhibiting a helping behavior when there are other bystanders present because it is expected that others can contribute to the helping behavior, and that the outcome is not just on one person’s shoulders (Latanà © et al., 2002). On the other hand, when a person imagines that there are no other people present, or that the people present are not able to engage in a helping behavior, a person will act as if he or she was alone and will be more likely to intervene in the situation (Darley, Teger, Lewis, 1973). Before acting during an emergency, a person is most likely to scan around and observe whether others are already taking responsibility, or are about to take responsibility for it; if those people in the scene of an emergency are not doing anything, then the person will feelShow MoreRelatedGenovese Syndrome: Are You a Bystander?1177 Words   |  5 PagesBystanders can easily found in real life such as, they can be found in the places like at work, school, on the roads, and other places involving many people. These circumstances aren’t simply ignoring the situation, but their unconscious psychology plays a big role in how they react to an emergency. In this situation, people think someone else can provide help, so that, this results in people remain as the spectators. This phenomenon is called bystander effect, and this is if more witnesses are inRead MoreBystander Effect Essay1389 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bystander Effect The Bystander effect is a controversial theory given to social phenomenon where the more potential helpers there are, the less likely any individual is to help. A traditional explanation for this Bystander Effect is that responsibility diffuses across the multiple bystanders, diluting the responsibility of each. (Kyle et al.) The Bystander effect, also known as the Genovese Syndrome, was created after the infamous murder of â€Å"Kitty† Catherine Genovese in 1964, on the streets ofRead MoreBystander Effect Essay1403 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bystander Effect is a controversial theory given to social phenomenon where the more potential bystanders there are, the less likely any individual is to help in emergency situations. A traditional explanation for the cause of the Bystander Effect is that responsibility diffuses across the multiple bystanders, diluting the responsibility of each. (Kyle et al.) The Bystander effect, also known as the Genovese Syndrome, was named after the i nfamous murder of â€Å"Kitty† Catherine Genovese in 1964,Read MoreThe Bystander Effect On Children Essay2036 Words   |  9 Pagesthat question is what is commonly known as, The Bystander Effect. First of all, a bystander, is a person who is present at an event, or incident, but does not take part. (Dictionary.com) This phenomenon has been pondered and experimented upon for decades. The term bystander effect refers to the phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely people are to help a person in distress.† (Kendra Cherry 1) The bystander effect has taken a toll upon very many people. It is veryRead MoreThe Bystander Effect On Social Psychology1077 Words   |  5 Pagesreader briefly of the overall topic and why it is of interest. The general topic area is about The Bystander Effect. John M.Darley and Bibb Latane research about the bystander effect based on the story of Kitty Genovese. Also known as individuals are less likely to help in a situation in the presence of others (Greitemeyer and Mugge, 201 p.116). When doing this literature research for the bystander effect, it discover that different types of emergency situations impact how individuals react. It was discoveredRead MoreThe Observation Of The Bystander Effect1079 Words   |  5 Pagesreader briefly of the overall topic and why it is of interest. The general topic area is about The Bystander Effect. John M.Darley and Bibb Latane research about the bystander effect based on the story of Kitty Genovese. Also known as individuals are less likely to help in a situation in the presence of others (Greitemeyer and Mugge, 201 p.116). When doing this literature research for the bystander effect, it discover that different types of emergency situations impact how individuals react. It was discoveredRead MoreHistory Of The Bystander Effect1835 Words   |  8 PagesHistory of the Bystander Effect The bystander effect is a very famous theory. It has been indited about in many Psychology Textbooks. In addition, there has been many situations that have been associated with this theory. Nevertheless, there was one story that commenced it all. This acclaimed story went viral and what some would call, legendary. This story resulted in a woman denominated as Kitty Genovese being assailed and murdered by Winston Moseley. The reason this situation became so popularRead MoreClassic Study in Social Psychology Essay example1176 Words   |  5 PagesStudy in Social Psychology The bystander effect is associated with the phenomenon, which states that when a larger amount of people are present, the less likely people are to help a person in need of assistance. When an emergency occurs, people are more likely to help when there are little or no other people. A summary about this study as well as an explanation of the results and how the concept of situationism relates to the study will be discussed. The Bystander Effect In 1964 the murder case ofRead MoreExploring a Classic Case in Social Psychology Essay1058 Words   |  5 Pagestermed â€Å"bystander effect† in response to a 1964 murder. The murder of a young woman with as many as 38 witnesses and none who helped until it was too late. The bystander effect is individuals seeing an emergency situation but not helping. There are many reasons why individuals do not respond: diffusion of responsibility, not noticing or unsure if it is an emergency, and not wanting to be liable if the person still dies are a few. The Study Upon hearing of the Genovese murder John Darley and BibbRead MoreAnalysis Of Robert Frost s Mending Wall Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagesworld. It has, sadly, become a common practice to adopt a â€Å"mind your own business† kind of mentality, further exacerbating this issue. This reclusiveness and negligence of social interaction are the shared theme in the works of Robert Frost, John Darley Bibb Latanà ©, and Barbara Kingsolver, which unite to tell us that this kind of lifestyle is flawed and must come to an end. In Robert Frost’s narrative poem, â€Å"Mending Wall†, the first theme of reclusiveness is revealed through the frustration that

Dont Ask Dont Tell Essay - 1863 Words

Justin Cook is a student at Stanton College Preparatory who is currently in the eleventh grade. Cook is enrolled in an AP Psychology and takes a great interest in connecting the work he does in the class to the work in his other current classes. In this essay, Cook presents his argument on why homosexuals should be permitted to serve in the American Armed Forces primarily from a psychological standpoint. Cook is an active advocate for human rights and the equality of homosexuals. He is also an active supporter of The Trevor Project which is the only American non-profit organization that runs a 24/7 suicide and crisis prevention helpline for gay and questioning youth. Homosexuality: A Deciding Factor in the Participation of the American†¦show more content†¦It was not until the twelfth century that homosexuality started to be condemned. This condemnation proved to live through then until now. Due to the fact that America incorporated these early views into its early laws, even the most bland of todays sex acts were seen as unlawful (â€Å"Homosexuality and Mental Health†). Since then, these laws have changed, however, there is still a primarily negative connotation on homosexuals when coming from a church or legal standpoint concerning the masses of America. This condemnation eventually led to the introduction of the separation of homosexuals from military service as seen with the neutral blue discharges which were often given to homosexual servicemen starting in 1916 . This neutral discharge was then labeled â€Å"general† and â€Å"undesirable†, resulting in a less honorable discharge. Discharges concerning men who were found to be guilty in engaging in homosexual acts were severely different than those who were neutrally discharged. If this were the case then you were then dishonorably discharged (â€Å"Dont Ask, Dont Tell† - Wikipedia). The current policy of Dont Ask, Dont Tell, Dont Harass, Dont Pursue1, derived from the original 1993 Department of Defense Directive 1332.14 coined Dont Ask, Dont Tell, ensures that any American citizen can participate in the Armed Forces. This policy is a step-up from the usual immediate discharge, however, this is only if the service member does not identifyShow MoreRelatedDont Ask, Dont Tell Essay1130 Words   |  5 PagesDon’t Ask, Don’t Tell The issue of gays in the military has been controversial in the United States for many decades. Over these decades there have been many different proposals as to what approach to take in order to handle the situation of homosexuals in the military. However, in 1992 when Bill Clinton was running for President of the United States, he made a promise to lift the ban on homosexuals in the military if he was elected (Washington Post). Bill Clinton followed through with his promiseRead MoreEssay on Dont Ask, Dont Tell1447 Words   |  6 Pagesthis problem that the policy known as â€Å"Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell† was designed to avoid, the tension caused between soldiers when homosexuals are serving openly. Without this policy, homosexuals serving openly could create tension that interferes with the military’s effectiveness. While it may not be obvious at first, the policy of â€Å"Don’t Ask Don’t Tell† actually supports the both values of t he military and the rights of homosexuals. As a result, â€Å"Don’t Ask Don’t Tell† is needed to protect homosexual serviceRead MoreComparison of The Crucible And Dont Ask, Dont Tell1273 Words   |  6 Pagesin a park in Japan where he had been serving [Sterngold]. After revealing his homosexuality to his peers in the army, he had been left unrecognizably mutilated and beaten to death. In response, in 1993, the Clinton administration initiated â€Å"Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell† [DADT] which meant that military officers could not investigate a soldier’s sexual preference without reason and a soldier should not voluntarily disclose it [McGowan 4]. Historically, the US military had never directly banned gays, only theirRead More Repeal of Dont Ask Dont Tell Essay1076 Words   |  5 Pages The ‘don’t ask, don’t tell’ policy is a major policy of the armed forces of the United States, and allows a number of people to serve their country. This policy restricts the United States armed forces from discovering gays, lesbians, and bisexuals. The ‘don’t ask, don’t tell’ policy has, in a way, limited homosexuals from completely fulfilling their military duties by forcing them to serve in the military silent about their personal lives. The policy is a violation of equal rights, forces homosexualsRead More Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell Policy Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pagescountry is a privilege. The Dont Ask, Dont Tell policy is claiming that even though it may be considered an infringement on human rights and freedom of expression, it protects the rights of the rest of the military and opens a loophole for gay men and women to serve in the armed forces. Other countries have successfully integrated gay men and women into their militaries and compared the treatment of other minority groups in the military. Is the â€Å"Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell† pol icy really effective orRead MoreDont Ask, Dont Tell1239 Words   |  5 PagesReagan, the gay ban was more stringently enforced. In the 1990s, amidst vicious opposition to repeal the ban, President Bill Clinton enacted the compromise â€Å"Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, Don’t Pursue, Don’t Harass† policy that provides for Sexual orientation [not to] be a bar to service unless manifested by homosexual conduct (qtd. in Don t Ask†). While it is true that the institution of the military is largely based on fraternal bonding that should not be cleaved by social factionalism, the call ofRead MoreThe Process of Adjustment in Communication and the Effect on the Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell Policy1690 Words   |  7 PagesThe Process of Adjustment in Communication and the Effect on the Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell Policy Communication is regarded as a continuous process of adjustment. This process can be explained by looking at the recent repeal of the military’s Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell policy. This policy restricts the equal rights of homosexuals which has been a topic in heated debate for many years. Over the course of United States history, there have been numerous attempts at equalizing the rights among homosexualsRead MoreMovie Analysis : Soldier s Girl 947 Words   |  4 Pagesresulting trial give rise to wide spread press and a formal review of the â€Å"Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell† policy. This case, and several like it, became one of the many examples of just how ineffective the â€Å"Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell† policy was when it came to the protection of LGBT service men and women. There has been generally accepted historical facts concerning the struggles of gay service men and women during the â€Å"Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell† policy, and debates over its causes and what brought about its end. ItRead MoreWhy Is This A Big Deal?2684 Words   |  11 PagesPresident Obama, during his run for President, promised that if he was elected the military policy of â€Å"don’t ask, don’t tell† would be repealed and that homosexuals would be allowed to serve openly in our US military. As we know, Obama was elected and he followed through with his promise as earlier this year the â€Å"don’t ask, don’t tell† was repealed. The purpose of this essay is to answer the question, why is this a big deal? How will it work? How will it be implemented in the military? OverRead MoreEssay On Transgender Army978 Words   |  4 Pageshuge impact while in service and to ban or get rid of all of them would be an injustice . Openly gay or transgender were barred from serving in the military and those already serving were protected from discrimination and harassment under the Don’t ask, Dont tell bill so determining an accurate number is a tricky thing to do. Because of this, the numbers of actually serving transgender individuals can actually be higher. These numbers alone should be a justification for the impact the transgender community

Assignment Mythology Research Project Essay Research free essay sample

Assignment: Mythology Research Project Essay, Research Paper Assignment: Mythology Research Project English E3-19 September 27, 1996 In The Yoruba and Madagascar myths of creative activity, the beginning of the universe was a formless Chaos which was neither sea nor land. Orisha Nla, besides called the Great God, was sent down from the sky to the Chaos by Olorun, the Supreme Being. His obligatory mission was to make solid land and to help him in the achievement of this undertaking, he was given a snail shell, a pigeon, and a five-toed biddy. After the Earth and land were separated, a chameleon was sent with Orisha Nla to inspect his work and study to the Supreme Being. Olorun was satisfied with the good things reported to him and sent Orisha Nla to complete. He planted trees, Olorun made rain H2O autumn from the sky and grew the seeds into a great wood. The creative activity of Earth took four yearss and on the fifth Orisha Nla rested from his work. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment Mythology Research Project Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Orisha fashioned the first people from Earth for Olorun, but merely the Supreme Being was able to give them life. Orisha Nla hid in his workshop seeking to watch him, but a enchantment of deep slumber was cast onto him so that merely Olorun cognize the secret. He made the first adult male and adult female and their girl and her hubby. The remainder of the human existences descended from the them. As clip passed, the Creator noticed that as worlds multiplied and prospered, they gave thanks to Mother Earth but forgot about him. He decided thenceforth to take the psyches of half the worlds meaning a testimonial. In the myth, Why Work force Must Die told by the Zulu # 8217 ; s of Natal in South Africa, we are told how because of a slow moving bantam carnal man-kind suffered and still does of mortality. The first adult male on Earth, besides a God, sent the chameleon to give worlds the message that they will be like the Gods and neer dice quickly. Because he took excessively long to go to mankind and distribute the good intelligence, he sent a viper out of irritation with the message that he changed his head and they will n ot unrecorded forever. In the Egyptian creative activity narrative my group has studied, everything descends from Nu, the sea. His boy Ra, becomes the Creator and makes a God for everything in our universe: Shu, the air current God, his consort Tefnut, ? The Spitter? , brought rain, Seb, the Earth God, Nut, goddess of the celestial sphere, who were the parents of Osiris and his consort Isis, and Set and his consort Nepthys. The narrative besides tells about wickednesss that people had since their earliest being, such as desire, restlessness, misrepresentation and prevarication. Isis, who is greedy for power, goes every bit far as poisoning the Creator, in order to obtain his secret and sacred name, which is the symbol and holder of the Creator # 8217 ; s powers. A short legendary history of some imposts ( such as those of the New Year # 8217 ; s jubilation ) is given. By reading these narratives, one can see some of the similarities present between the myths of Christianity ( chiefly Roman and Greek ) and those of Africa, such as the narrative of the creative activity, the deceiving of the God, his choler with the people and the penalty he gave them in order to learn them a lesson and his forgiveness, etc. Death is foremost introduced in the signifier of penalty, which Ra is giving the people, with the aid of Hathor, who is making the existent murder. Ra besides divided the universe between two of his Gods: Osiris, who will govern the dead, and Horus, who will govern on the? island of the fiery flames. ? Once people die, they enter Osiris # 8217 ; land, where they are divided between those who can remain and those who will be taken by the snakes, ? dragging them off, while they utter loud and piercing calls of heartache and torment, to be tortured and devoured ; lo! ? Bibliography Bierlein, J. F. Parallel Myths. New York: Random House Inc. , 1994 Clifford, Eth. The Brilliant Myths of Men. New York: Globe Book Co. , 1972 Ions, Veronica. Egyptioan Mythology. New York: Peter Bedrick Books, 1968 Mackenzie, Donald A. Egyptiona Myths and Legends. New York: Crown Publishers Inc. , 1978

The Actual Essay Research Paper It all free essay sample

The Actual Essay, Research Paper It all starts with Harry Trellman, an enterpriser from Chicago, who at the beginning of the narrative narrates his life in a nutshell. He is a smart adult male, who was esoteric when comes to analysing people. He starts out by stating that he was put into an orphanhood, and how he had an Asiatic look on his face. He said he was put into an orphanhood because his female parent had a disease of the articulations that sent her to the sanatorium. He said he had a unit of ammunition caput, hair worn every bit long as the orphanhood allowed a brace of level black eyes, and a broad oral cavity with a ample lip. He so meets a rich aged adult male named Sigmund Adletsky at a party thrown by person named Frances Jellicoe. Sigmund Adletsky invited Harry to his penthouse office suite. He told Harry that he wanted him to be his braintrust, intending he wanted person who had mind that he could discourse freely with. We will write a custom essay sample on The Actual Essay Research Paper It all or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So Harry Trellman go aquainted with Sigmund Adletsky for a few old ages, and came to the point where he was reaquainted with his long lost love. Harry was reaquainted with his long lost love Amy Wustrin. He got reaquainted with her under the fortunes that he ran into her business district. She was an interior interior designer, and Sigmund Adletsky was utilizing her to measure the furniture at this semidetached house he was traveling to purchase. She brings up that she has to travel alter her dead hubbies grave from the topographic point it is in. Later on, Harry Trellman goes with her to transport out the undertaking, they have a deep conversation, and at the really terminal he asks her to get married him. Harry Trellman in the existent is an anylitical introvert. In the narrative he comes up with theories of what people may be believing at a peculiar clip, but he neer discloses his feelings to other people and he admits to droping his feelings into his face. He says # 8220 ; My thought had from the get downing came between us, mentioning to his old relationship with Amy Wustrin. He besides says # 8220 ; I looked so oddly self-contained. # 8221 ; meaining he neer disclosed his feelings. In the narrative his long lost love Amy Wustrin criticizes his personality. She says # 8220 ; You neer allow on to more than tenth part of what you truly think or know. # 8221 ; Towards the terminal of the narrative he begins to somewhat unwrap his true feelings and thought to Amy Wustrin. Harry Trellman is merely like any other made when it comes to adult females, he had a difficult clip showing how he felt. The narrative takes topographic point in Chicago. I assume that there are a batch of Jewish and Polish people at that place based on what I # 8217 ; ve seen on Saturday dark Live. When they do the skit with four Polish people speaking about the Chicago Bears. The adult male named Sigmund Adletsky in the narrative besides tipped me off that there may be Polish people in the narrative because # 8220 ; A dletsky† is Polish. I besides assume that Chicago is a topographic point filled with a batch of people. In the narrative Harry Trellman, during one of his narrations says, â€Å"The adult male menace in a topographic point like Chicago is emptiness-human spreads and interruptions, a kind of religious ozone that smells like bleach.† Coming signifier experience I can easy associate to Harry Trellman. Like him I to wish to analyse things and I seldom of all time unwrap my true feelings. I # 8217 ; ve been friends with misss for a long clip, but I could neer allow them cognize that I liked them. Harry had a difficult clip unwraping his feelings to Amy and he carried the feeling with him for 40 old ages. Psychologically I think that the introvert facet of his character is the hindrance that kept him from unwraping his feelings. I feel that introverts are known for utilizing defence mechanisms to maintain them from unwraping their feelings. His defence mechanisms was discoursing other people instead than himself. In the narrative Amy Wustrin reminisces about all the times Jay Wustrin cheated on her. Jay says that he was sexually liberated. This sort of logic was sophism to me because if your in love with person instant satisfaction from other people doesn # 8217 ; t use, merely because of the fact that it is instant satisfaction. I do hold with what the writer is seeking to state at the terminal of the narrative. He is stating alternatively of protracting the inevitable merely take you opportunity at love. Meaning that if Harry had merely disclosed his feelings to Amy Wustrin they both wouldn # 8217 ; Ts have neer had to travel through an emotional death. Harry wouldn # 8217 ; Ts have a bosom twisting nostalgia for Amy. Amy would hold neer had to set up with a cheating hubby. In a book I read called fast times at Richmond high, a male child liked this miss and the didn # 8217 ; t hook up till the terminal. During the film she was looking for love in all the incorrect topographic points. She was holding sex with work forces seeking to happen love, and ended up acquiring impregnated and so acquiring an abortion. The male child thought that she was truly nice, but thought that wouldn # 8217 ; t be interested in him. She found out the difficult manner that sex doesn # 8217 ; Ts make person love you. All the he had to make was explicate this to her earlier so she neer would hold acted out like she did. So all of the emotional hurting could hold been eliminated if the two of them were informed right. I feel that Harry Trellman was an anylitical introvert and that kept him from happening love from anyone. I made this premise based on what Harry said # 8220 ; My theorizing had from the get downing semen between us # 8221 ; . He besides said # 8220 ; I looked so oddly self contained. # 8221 ; I thought that Chicago compiled of Jewish and Polish people. And harmonizing to the text there was a adult male named Hesininger ( Jewish ) and Adletsky ( Polish ) 31b

How to Write an Exploratory Essay on Cultural Capital

How to Write an Exploratory Essay on Cultural Capital An exploratory essay is a form of essay that usually talks about an idea or merely answers a question. If you have been assigned with an essay on cultural capital, you may want to take note of the following tips to be certain that you are writing it in a correct way: Break the Essay into 3 Distinguishable Portions An essay must have three parts: an introduction, a body and a close/conclusion. If each portion is not distinguishable, the reader may be confused by the time they are done reading your essay. Do Not Beat about the Bush Students often tend to state the obvious, a form of filler words that certainly do not fool the teacher. If a question is to be answered in the exploratory essay, make sure that you answer it in the first sentence. Sample essay question: Do you think that cultural capital can be acquired at home? A bad answer: Many people talk about whether or not cultural capital can be acquired through conscious effort. A good answer: Yes, I believe that cultural capital can be achieved through conscious effort. Do Not Try to Sound too Smart Sometimes, students try too hard to impress their teacher, resorting to using big and bold words that eventually make less sense and put the reader to sleep. Sample essay question: Does cultural capital vary in different social classes? A bad answer: As per copious amounts of studies carried out by connoisseurs, cultural capital is seen to be at capricious levels in dissimilar social classes. A good answer: As per studies and surveys carried out by experts, it seems that various social classes have a varying degree of cultural capital. Be Sure to Back up the Statements That You Make Since an exploratory essay is all about doing your research and making your point, you need to help the reader/teacher understand how you came about to make the statements that you did. A bad example: Cultural capital is connected to sports because it is also connected to body management. A good example: A common example of cultural capital is in self-presentation. Body management through sports is a direct connection to self-presentation, which is why I believe that cultural capital and sports are also connected to one another. Do Not Assume That Your Reader Knows Everything It is your teacher’s job to understand how much you have understood about the exploratory topic that has been given to you. Do not come to the conclusion that your teacher acquired all the knowledge about the topic beforehand. A bad example: As we all know, cultural capital affects the education received by students. A good example: Cultural capital is earned through taking part in extracurricular activities. Therefore, the more students indulge in these activities, the better they can perform in different fields of education. Hence, cultural capital directly affects the education receive by students. Revise Once you are done writing your essay, proofread your essay. Scrutinize your own work and figure out which portions might need some editing. After all, submitting your best work is crucial. We hope this gives you a few good notions to build your essay upon. Don’t forget to check our 12 facts about cultural capital as well as our 20 topics backed up by a sample essay.

Battle of Memphis in the Civil War

Battle of Memphis in the Civil War Battle of Memphis - Conflict: The Battle of Memphis occurred during the American Civil War. Battle of Memphis - Date: The Confederate fleet was destroyed on June 6, 1862. Fleets Commanders: Union Flag Officer Charles H. DavisColonel Charles Ellet5 ironclad gunboats, 6 rams Confederate James E. MontgomeryBrigadier General Jeff M. Thompson8 rams Battle of Memphis - Background: In early June 1862, Flag Officer Charles H. Davis moved down the Mississippi River with a squadron of consisting of the ironclad gunboats USS Benton, USS St. Louis, USS Cairo, USS Louisville, and USS Carondelet. Accompanying him were six rams commanded by Colonel Charles Ellet. Operating in support of the Union advance, Davis sought to eliminate the Confederate naval presence near Memphis, TN, opening the city to capture. In Memphis, Confederate troops manning the citys defenses prepared to withdraw south as Union forces had cut the rail links to the north and east. Battle of Memphis - Confederate Plans: As the soldiers departed, the commander of the Confederate River Defense Fleet, James E. Montgomery, began making plans to take his eight cottonclad rams south to Vicksburg. These plans quickly collapsed when he was notified that there was not enough coal in the city to fuel his ships for the voyage. Montgomery was also plagued by a disjointed command system within his fleet. While he technically commanded the fleet, each ship retained its pre-war captain who was empowered to act independently once they left port. This was compounded by the fact that the vessels gun crews were provided by the army and served under their own officers. On June 6, when the Federal fleet appeared above the city, Montgomery called a meeting of his captains to discuss their options. The group decided to stand and fight rather than scuttling their ships and fleeing. Approaching Memphis, Davis ordered his gunboats to form a line of battle across the river, with Ellets rams in the rear. Battle of Memphis - The Union Attacks: Opening fire on Montgomerys lightly armed rams, the Union gunboats fired for around fifteen minutes before Ellet and his brother Lt. Colonel Alfred Ellet moved through the line with the rams Queen of the West and Monarch. As Queen of the West struck CSS General Lovell, Ellet was wounded in the leg. With the battle engaged at close quarters, Davis closed and the fighting deteriorated into a wild melee. As the ships battled, the heavy Union ironclads made their presence felt and succeeded in sinking all but one of Montgomerys ships. Battle of Memphis - Aftermath: With the River Defense Fleet eliminated, Davis approached the city and demanded its surrender. This was agreed to and Col. Ellets son Charles was sent ashore to officially take possession of the city. The fall of Memphis opened the Mississippi River to Union shipping and warships as far south a Vicksburg, MS. For the remainder of the war, Memphis would serve as a principal Union supply base. In the fighting on June 6, Union casualties were limited to Col. Charles Ellet. The colonel later died of measles which he contracted while recovering from his wound. Precise Confederate casualties are not known but most likely numbered between 180-200. The destruction of the River Defense Fleet effectively eliminated any significant Confederate naval presence on the Mississippi.

Intermediate macro on the effect of inflation on exports and imports Term Paper

Intermediate macro on the effect of inflation on exports and imports - Term Paper Example Inflation makes reserves to be misallocated. The paper explores how influence impacts on trade among nations, especially its effect on exports and imports. Effect of inflation on exports and imports Introduction Inflation refers to the decrease in the value of money as the prices of goods and services gradually increase overtime. Moderate forms of inflation are conceived normal in the majority of economies and desirable in any economy since this is indicative to producers that there is an increasing demand and so stimulates enhanced production, and ultimately economic growth (Evans, 2004). Nevertheless, high inflation, is worrying since the prices of goods and services rise faster that the surge in wages, thus eroding real incomes. Inflation renders exports to fall, as it costs other countries more to purchase similar amount the same goods. This relationship can be outlined mathematically by the equation NI= C+ I+ G- NX whereby NI represents national income (or price level that equat es to inflation), C represents consumption (consumer spending) I represent investment; G represents government spending while NX represents net exports. Inflation influences the current account deficit since then demand for exports plunges as prices rise, and imports become more competitive if imports prices reduce comparatively lower to domestic competitors (Ulke & Ergun, 2011). If the country is exporting and the local currency becomes strong, then the country’s products become more expensive for its buyers. If a country is relying heavily on imports and the local currency becomes weak, then the products that are imported becomes expensive (Evans, 2004). As such, inflation increases will lead to deterioration of balance of payments since domestic inflation stimulates import spending provided that imports emerge comparatively cheaper, and diminish export sales, as exports emerge more expensive abroad (Levi, 2009). The association between inflation and exchange rate appears a s a double-edged sword whereby the rising inflation tends to render a currency to depreciate (owing to the reduced demand for the country’s demand). Mostly, depreciation aids exporters since prices paid by the overseas buyers decrease (Ulke & Ergun, 2011). Nevertheless, depreciation signifies that prices of imports increase, which is inflationary. The net impact of the devaluation in inflation hinges on the comparative price elasticity of imports and exports. Effects of Inflation on Imports and Exports Exchange rates bear a significant effect on a country’s economy. If the exchange rate drops, this alters the comparative prices of imports and exports. Exports are likely to become comparatively cheap in other currencies while imports become expensive. For instance, when the U.S. purchases imports, the imports are incorporated into the retail price index. In the event that the price of import rises, this could be inflationary, especially in cases where a country’s imports feature a lot of raw materials and semi-finished products (Levi, 2009). A gradual rise in prices will impact on a country’s trading performance mainly on the ration between imports and exports. The performance of a country’

Corporate finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Corporate finance - Assignment Example Stock market index is considered as one of the important economic indicators for the government to watch and formulate its economic policies and strategies to appropriately deal with the economic situation in a country. The benefits of capital markets in a country are multifarious. The capital markets play an important role in capital formation of the country which is essential for the governments’ plans with regard to investment in various sectors of the economy for a balanced economic growth. The governments are not in a position to effectively intervene in the economic process of the nations due to ever-increasing proportion of non-plan expenditure in the budgets. Government spending is very important for generating employment when there is slowdown in economy, to prevent recession. Therefore, the diminishing proportion of funds allocated to plan expenditure by the government should be compensated by private investment through stock markets for maintaining the pace of economic growth. Due to inefficiency of the public sector undertakings and their poor contribution to the economic development in spite of heavy investments made in these undertakings in countries like China and India there has been perceptible shift in policy making by the governments. Most of the public sector undertakings have been privatized by selling their shares in the open market by listing these companies in the stock exchanges by these governments. It has also been noticed that these undertakings’ performances have increased significantly after privatization. These companies are now competing with private companies and are able to mobilize funds for their expansion through the stock markets. This has reduced the financial burden of the respective governments considerably. The stock markets play a crucial role in developing the savings habit of the people. The stock markets are responsible to a considerable extent for entrepreneurial development

Teamwork and Trustworthy Working Relationship Essay Example for Free

Teamwork and Trustworthy Working Relationship Essay Talent wins games, but teamwork and intelligence wins championships (Michael Jordan). This is a quote from one of the greatest basketball players, emphasising the importance in teamwork as a group. It can also be used in terms of a group of people working together not in a sporting aspect. â€Å"A team is not a bunch of people with job titles, but a congregation of individuals, each of whom has a role which is understood by other members. Members of a team seek out certain roles and they perform most effectively in the ones that are most natural to them. † (Dr. R. M. Belbin). This definition is used to identify individual’s positives and negatives during a project or as a group; it can also be used to build a secure and trustworthy working relationship, choose and develop high-performing teams, increase self-awareness and personal efficiency, and finally build understanding. Building a secure and trustworthy working relationship is important in teamwork because it can help build individuals in the group’s self-confidence and morale and guarantee support from other members in the group. It can also build hope around the team, guaranteeing members can feel confident airing issues and concerns within the group. This is offered individuals a rich variety of tools and ways to manage, avoid and fix conflict to build a stronger and lasting relationships. During the lead up to the presentation, my team-mates and I had a few occasions where we disagreed about certain opinions but we did it in a respectable manner and understood the reason agreement. Majority of us who made up a group to put up a presentation on teamwork and the Eurozone play football together which automatically gave us that bond, we had the ability to voice concerns w no fear of getting shut down by a member of the team which is very vital as I mentioned above about teamwork.

Comparison of Edgar Allan Poes Annabel Lee and The Raven :: compare/contrast compare

Comparing Edgar Allan Poe's "Annabel Lee" and "The Raven"   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edgar Allan Poe's view on poetry is that all poems must be a "rhythmical creation of beauty". In his eyes, melancholy and sadness is beautful. He thinks that the death of a young beautiful woman is itself full of beauty. In both "Annabel Lee" and "The Raven", Poe writes about this so-called beauty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In "Annabel Lee", a young man is mourning the death of a beautiful young lady. Even though the woman had died quite some time ago, the man is still in melancholy. He misses her terribly and constantly thinks of how she was she was tragically taken from him by the angels who were jealous of their love, and by her family who didn't think the he himself was capable of bringing her to her final resting place. He loved Annabel Lee more than anyother human can love another. The following quote tells the reader how much he loves her and shows that he would do anything for her, even if that means sleeping by her tomb, each and every night. "And so, all the night-tide, I lie down by the side of my darling, my life and my bride, in her sepulchre there by the sea, in her tomb by the side of the sea."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In "The Raven", a man, most likely older than the man in "Annabel Lee", mourns the death of his love whom he called "Lenore". Lenore, like Annabel Lee, had died several years earlier. In "The Raven", man hears tapping on his chamber door and sees the curtains slowly swaying. He believes that it can be no other than Lenore. Unfortunately for him though, it is only but a bird. A large, black bird known as the Raven. Although the men in these two stories are similar because they both mourn for their loved ones, they are also different.

Learning to read Malcolm X Compare and Frederick Douglass and Contrast Essay

Frederick Douglass and Malcolm X both were African Americans who struggled to be successful. Frederick was born a slave for life 1817 he didn’t go to school but wanted to have knowledge. He had a lot of obstacles in his path but the fact he wanted to learn to read and write keep him going though he wanted to give up sometimes. Frederick Douglass also wanted abolish slavery.Malcolm X was born in May 19, 1925 into a family. During his early years his family moved a number of times because of racism. At age 6 his father was murder mysteriously, their home was burned and four of his uncles were murder by white people. His family struggled economically and they were living off public welfare.His mother became ill and he was sent to foster home. At age 13 Malcolm X was charge with delinquency and dropped out of school at age 15. As a teenager later he began wearing flashy clothing and jumped into criminal acts, like doing drugs, gambling and burglary. Age twenty he was sentence to 1 0 years in prison for burglary. In there he began to transform his life.Frederick was against slavery while Malcolm was against racism. They both had a dream to fight for injustice for their people against racism and slavery. Both Frederick and Malcolm taught themselves how to read and write. Frederick Douglass was a slave and it was illegal for slave to have knowledge.He didn’t wanted to be a slave he wanted to be something better, wanted to have knowledge as he saw it as power. He educated himself using various strategies, like learning from the boys on the street by trading bread for knowledge. He would even go to the lumber yard and copied the letter that the carpenter would write on the timber the name of the place it was intended to go.Then later he would meet the boys challenging them that he can write better and they would respond saying â€Å"I don’t believe you† this way Frederick got a good lesson. Malcolm X also taught himself to read and write start ing with whatever knowledge he knew before dropping out of school. After being sentence to prison he began coping words from the dictionary everything on the page down to punctuationand began reading books on history, Philosophy and religion.Reading and writing kept Frederick and Malcolm alive through their struggles in becoming something better. Frederick Douglass and Malcolm X both realize how knowledge was great as they interest in reading and writing grew. Frederic knowledge made him a wiser and smarter man than being a slave like he was, he saw better things ahead with knowledge.the both He wanted to be something better than a slave not just for himself but also for his fellow slaves too. However reading and writing open up a new world for Malcolm X, it was better and different than when he was out on the streets with flashy cloths and committing crimes.Many thoughts had started appearing in his head. The thoughts ofbeing someone better as well, like Frederick, and to fight for his fellow black people too. They both used their knowledge to help fight justice for they fellow people in the exact situation as them that is slave and racism. Frederick Douglass used his own knowledge to write his own pass and escaped and became a public speaker.A brave speaker who spoke out against those who tolerated slavery. and he was able to help abolish slavery. Many doubted that he had been a slave as he was such an impressive public speaker. On the other hand reading changed the course of Malcolm X life forever with a better understanding of many things around such as, racisms around him.He had â€Å"little bit more sensitivity to the deafness, dumbness and blindness that were afflicting the black race† which meant he was able to understood the things that the black race was going through. With his knowledge he became a speaker as well. He became the most visible national spokesman for the black mulisms.anf fought freedom for other from the Christian religion, rac ism and violence against African American. However, one difference with both writers was that Malcolm X had his own organization while Frederick didn’t.Reading and learning about these two authors has inspire me with respect to my own goals by exposing to me and making me understand more how powerful knowledge really is. That knowledge is the key to many things. The more knowledge we gain through reading and writing the more we are able to understand thing in a different and positive way.I honestly never used to like reading but when I was then introduce to a book named â€Å"the walk series† as I was finishing the first series I then realize why Malcolm and Frederic had passion for reading writing I gained form reading and my interest began to grow as well.I can see that both writers had determination regardless of the circumstance/  obstacles in order to achieve what they had wanted. Not only had they had determination but they both also had love and interest for r eading and writing. This reminds me of myself being determine to complete all my homework and assignments on time regardless the obstacles I faced like having long travel hours and chores I had to get done with limited time as my mom wasn’t around at that moment.

How Far Do You Agree That the 1867 Reform Act Was Sucessfulte Essay

Additionally, the 1867 Reform Act also had a significant impact on the issues that were being addressed by politics. Whereas before, the aristocracy had basically decided what happened in the country, the act meant that issues were being brought to light that had never been discussed properly in public before. This was very important as it not only changed public but it also changed society too. Issues such as the legislation surrounding drinking, education and taxation were now being impacted on by the public actually expressing their feelings about them and this determined that the act had changed entirely how people viewed politics by shifting their focus from the individuals within politics to the actually political interests that they represented. For the first time, the act seemed to allow working-class people to feel indignant at how they were labelled uneducated within society and how they were blamed for society. It could be said that the Reform Act’s most important outcome was encouraging people to now speak up for what they believe in and to create a true democracy by exposing the flaws of the current political system that had kept hidden a system of suppression underneath a pretence of democracy. On the other hand, this outcome can be seen once again to only be attributing more to the argument that the most important outcome of the 1867 Reform Act was that that it had on the political parties. Whilst it did change the people, it also meant that individuals like Gladstone and Disraeli had to develop stronger personalities, more influential public speaking and just generally a more recognisable persona to get attention off the people and this changed politics, starting to transform it to what we recognise today with politicians attending school fairs and opening museums to get positive publicity. Whilst all of these outcomes were extremely important at the time, perhaps the most long-term and recognisable of all of the outcomes was the effect that the 1867 Reform Act did have on the political system and in particular, on the Liberals and Conservatives parties. Source 7 supports this view by introducing us to the idea of the ‘political machine’. The source shows how the Reform Act of 1867 meant that the political parties had to actually properly compete and make, sometimes unrealistic promises, to appeal to voters. It shows how this means that electioneering, the way the parties portrayed themselves and presentation of issues became much more important as politics became national and rotated around moral issues. Indeed this view does have a lot of weight in an argument. The political parties now were having to tread a careful line and keep a balance between the conflict of alienating the people with revolutionary political ideas and immediate actions to secure themselves as the strongest political parties. This meant that the Liberals and the Conservatives had to become united and professional. This impact was important as it meant that the political loyalty was created that we can recognise in politics today. Previously, parties had split up and conflicted over issues but following the act, politicians were forced to admit that they had to remain loyal to their own political party in order to get any success within the political circumstances. This outcome is so significant as it created the strong link that still exists today between political parties and the voters. The two different parties had to go to what they saw as extreme lengths to secure voters’ loyalty and to encourage them to vote. This included the setting up of party clubs and trips to places such as the seaside as rewards for people who promised to vote for a certain political party. In a way, it shows how this outcome was significant in advancing political organisation and professionalism yet in other ways it just maintained the old influential schemes that politicians used but at last, they had to actually be clever to use these rather than to blatantly bribe and influence people. They could still influence people, just as they had done with the open ballots, but this time they had to do it with rewards and false promises. To a certain extent, this can still be seen to be happening in our political system today. In conclusion, there were many outcomes of the 1867 Reform Act and all of these were significant in their own way. The impact of these can be seen clearly by the fact that they have triggered features of our own political system today, such as strong political personalities for politicians and ‘image-conscious’ newspapers and magazines. However, these all contributed to allowing the Liberals and the Conservatives parties to change and whilst individually they were significant impacts, the effect that they had on electorate always corresponded with an effect on the political parties. In this way, the most significant outcome of the 1867 Reform Act was the impact that it had on the Liberals and the Conservatives parties yet this would not have been significant or even have occurred independently of the impact that the act on the electorate themselves. This means that whilst we can identify an outcome of the act as the most important, it simply would not have had the effect that it did have without the other outcomes of the act, meaning that collectively they are important and making it extremely difficult to label the importance of the outcomes.

Dryland production systems in Africa Essay Example

Dryland production systems in Africa Essay Example Dryland production systems in Africa Essay Dryland production systems in Africa Essay How useful is the concept of desertification to understanding the sustainability of dryland production systems in Africa? Man is both the cause and victim of desertification; a process which is continuing or even accelerating in Africa. action is needed now to alleviate the plight of the large populations affected. If these people are not helped, they will exert more pressure over a weak natural system. Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues (1986: p15, 111) Desertification is perhaps the best example of a set of ideas about the environment that emerge in a situation of scientific uncertainty and then prove persistent in the face of gradually accumulating evidence that they are not well founded. Swift (1996: p73) At the interface of environment and society relations, the productive use of African drylands has been both a source and testing ground for the theory and practice of key environmental issues. Dryland areas are characterised by aridity and the variability of precipitation, with growing periods of 75 to 179 days a year (Mortimore, 1998). Often perceived to be on the brink of sustainability, analysis of drylands has variously drawn upon Malthusian ideas of carrying capacity, Hardins (1968) idea of the tragedy of the commons in terms of property rights and land tenure, and broader themes such as the colonial mindset and native irrationality, post-colonialism and development (Mortimore, 1998). Desertification has been the dominant conceptualisation through which these ideas have been reformulated and refracted in dryland regions, leading to its consecration in international law as a discrete chapter of Agenda 21 (Adams, 2003). Although the process of desertification has been the subject of over eighty years of scientific research and policy intervention, it remains hotly contested (Thomas, 1997). The term was coined by Aubreville in 1949, yet over 100 definitions have since been published (Glanz Orlovsky, 1985). In 1995, the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) defined desertification as land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors including climatic variations and human activities. The evolution of the concept of desertification, however, embodies much more than any definition of its process. By identifying and delimiting an environmental problem, the term has been used to legitimate the study and identification of its causes, the attribution of blame and the need for policy intervention to remedy its effects. Therefore, as the term of choice in most discussions of dryland sustainability, it is critical that desertification presents an accurate and useful method to conceptualise ecosystem change. In the last decade, there have been a number of calls to debunk the myth of desertification and to expose the winners and losers in its narrative (Thomas Middleton, 1994; Swift, 1996). In the context of such claims, the extent to which desertification can inform our knowledge of dryland production systems and their sustainability will be examined in this essay. The validity and utility of any concept may be considered to rest upon mutual understanding of its meaning and the accuracy of its description and explanation of process. Judged against these criteria, I will argue that desertification (and the narrative that has built up around it) is unhelpful in explaining the sustainability of dryland production systems for three interrelated reasons. Firstly, at an abstract and theoretical level it is poorly conceptualized and ill-defined, mixing symptoms and causes in continually shifting boundaries of what processes it does and does not include. Secondly, the scientific work that has been used to support the concept has serious flaws and has failed to adequately represent the problem of sustainability in dryland areas. And lastly, the narrative has effectively blocked more accurate and progressive understandings of dryland sustainability. It will then we suggested that although desertification does not serve as a particularly useful lens to continue to analyse dryland sustainability, a knowledge of its history may yet prove useful in illuminating the relationship between science, policy and action. At an abstract level, the definition of desertification offers a number of problems for clear and objective understanding. Firstly, rather than a unitary process in itself, desertification is an amalgam of drought, desiccation and degradation which are three interrelated but discrete phenomena (Warren, 1996). Each of these has different causes and feedback mechanisms but has a similar outcome, and therefore desertification creates operational difficulties for assessment and subsequent intervention (ibid. , 1996). Pinpointing the exact cause of similar short-term physical manifestation is important to provide an effective solution (Warren Khogali, 1992). The inclusion of a subjective causal element such as human pressure in the definition also leads to problems delimiting the identification of desertification from its measurement (Mortimore, 1998). For example, in its attempts to map desertification hazards in 1977, UNEP added the parameter of high human and animal pressure to a map of aridity (ibid, 1989). However the duality of human action and natural changes is not necessarily so distinct and defined, and this obscures the mutual constitution of the two (Thomas, 1997). Secondly, and possibly as a result of this complexity of process, a definition of desertification has been problematic (ibid. , 1997). As noted earlier, there are more than 100 published definitions of desertification, which variously include or exclude the range of ecological processes within its boundaries (Glanz Orlovsky, 1985; Swift, 1996). Mainguet (1991) has argued that the term has been rendered obsolete by the extent of the confusion over its meaning. At a purely conceptual level therefore, the usefulness of the desertification may be severely compromised by the ambiguity over its definition, and within this the inclusion of both causal mechanisms and identification factors. Possibility related to the problem of definition of desertification, the theory and evidence used to support the concept has also been questioned (Mortimore, 1998). In this section the accuracy of the received narrative will be shown to have been challenged on three bases, the physical form of its occurrence, the processes that lie behind this form and the structural mechanisms that account for the continuation of these processes. The history of the narrative has been comprehensively reviewed by Swift (1996). Analysis of the process (without reference to the term) of desertification began in earnest in the late 1920s and 1930s, following a period of severe drought in the Sahel. One of the most influential writers on the subject was Stebbing, a forester who carried out fieldwork in the British and French colonies of West Africa in 1934. Stebbing asserted that the Sahara was moving southwards and estimated that this had occurred at a rate of 1km / yr for the previous three centuries (Stebbing, 1937 cited in Swift, 1996). Desiccation was ascribed as the process responsible for this change, with the increase in the use of indigenous agricultural land use through population pressure as the structural mechanism (ibid, 1937). This process was thought to have a subsequent feedback effect on rainfall, making it more intermittent (ibid, 1937). Although Stamp (1940) raised the severe shortcomings of Stebbings research, a number of elements of his argument can be traced in current consideration of desertification. In the 1970s and early 1980s, the desertification issue was revived, once again following a period of intense drought (Swift, 1996). The work of Lamprey (1975) and Ibrahim (1984) proved particularly important during this period, despite seriously flawed data analysis (ibid, 1996). Lamprey used ground surveys and aerial reconnaissance to compare contemporary boundaries on Kordofan and Darfur with those of a 1958 botanical survey. However, this distinction did not take account of the fact that the contemporary data was taken in a series of exceptionally dry years, whilst that 1958 represented a relatively wet period in the Sahel (Mortimore, 1998). In terms of the physical manifestation of this process, Lamprey (1975) concluded that ecological boundaries were shifting southwards and that sand was encroaching and threatening farmland. The work of Ibrahim (1984), based on observations in Darfur, Sudan over the period of 1976 1982, supported Lampreys conclusions and suggested that desertification had claimed over 650,000 kmi of productive land in the previous fifty years. In both of these studies, man was seen as the cause of desertification, with the rate of the process controlled by the increase in population pressure. Actions such as excessive use of agriculture in unsustainable areas, extensive pastoralism and high herd numbers and the indiscriminate collection of firewood were suggested as the triggers for this process (Swift, 1995). In combination the ideas of Stebbing (1937), Lamprey (1975) and Ibrahim (1984) became the scientific basis of a received narrative in terms of the form, process and causation of desertification. These ideas were reflected in policy circles, culminating in the UN Convention on Desertification in 1977. The main elements of the desertification concept may be thus identified as the expansion of the desert at a measurable rate, with desiccation is main process of this change and that man (driven by population pressure) is its agent. A Malthusian spiral of population growth, resource mismanagement, environmental degradation and a reduced carrying capacity may then be extrapolated (Mortimore, 1998). Many aspects of this conception have been the subject of critique.

Comitia Curiata

Comitia Curiata Definition The Comitia Curiata was an archaic political assembly in ancient Rome that survived in vestigial form until the end of the Republic. Most of what is said about it is supposition. Curiata comes from the term curia, a place of meeting. This location term was applied to curiae, which refers to the 30 kinship groups into which the Roman families were divided and that provided men for the military. These curiae were split among the three tribes of the period of the first king, Romulus. The three Romulan tribes were the Ramnenses, Titienses, and Luceres, supposedly named for: Romulus and connected with the Palatine Hill,the Sabine Titus Tatius and connected with the Quirinal Hill, andan Etruscan warrior named Lucumo, associated with the Caelian. It acted on the votes of its constituent members (the curiae). Each curia had one vote that was based on the majority of the votes of the members of that curia. The function of the Comitia Curiata was to confer imperium and to play certain formal roles, like witnessing adoptions and wills. It may have played a role in the selection of kings. The power of the king and the Senate dwarfed that of the Comitia Curiata during the Regal period. Examples Edward E. Best writes: [The] functions [of the comitia curiata] by the last century of the Republic had become a formality performed by 30 lictors representing each of the curiae. Sources: Literacy and Roman Voting, by Edward E. Best; Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Bd. 23, H. 4 (4th Qtr., 1974), pp. 428-43.A History of the Roman World 753-146 B.C., by H.H. Scullard; 1961The Beginnings of Rome, by T.J. Cornell; 1995The Servian ReformsHugh LastThe Journal of Roman Studies Vol. 35, Parts 1 and 2 (1945), pp. 30-48.

Juvenile Recidivism Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Juvenile Recidivism - Research Proposal Example The following review covers a relevant time span, a wide range of factors that have an impact on recidivism amongst juveniles, a wide variety of peer-reviewed articles, and guidance on what areas should be considered to support further inquiry factors impacting juvenile recidivism. Moreover, a plethora of methods in multiple regions of the world are considered to illustrate the common links in treatment for juvenile offenders and what role that plays in recidivism. Patterns are identified throughout the articles as well as unique aspects of study and focus. Kevin Minor, James Wells, and Ear1 Angel compiled a 2008 study that explores how release from residential placements impact juvenile recidivism depending on multivariate predictors and gender differences. The data indicated that â€Å"only gender, age, victimization history, and presence of special education needs significantly predicted recidivism† of the variables that were tested (Minor, Wells, & Angel, 2008). The research span over an 18-month time span and tested a sample of 580 juvenile offenders that were released from out-of-home placements. The article’s strengths can be attributed to the method testing 33 possible predicators for juvenile recidivism. That provides a wide range of factors and may demonstrate how the factors relate to one another. The results state that males are impacted significantly by certain variables in comparison to females. Yet, both genders’ recidivism rates are directly impacted by out-of-home placements. Moreover, the authorsà ¢â‚¬â„¢ implications for further research are offered as well as a critique of the shortfalls of other research on juvenile recidivism. Also, the role of residential treatment has allowed clinicians to play a role in answering what impact recidivism rates amongst juveniles. Nancy Calley and Emily Richardson (2011) examined the influential factors related to the

Adminstrative Ethics Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Adminstrative Ethics Paper - Essay Example Organizational and institutional standards are maximizing familiar location when people speak about their present health management systems. Organizational financing materials, employer employee relations and structural designs are all mentioned as areas where moral obstacles and value fights are coming high. The high tensions built by dissimilarities in organizational, personal, and expertise merits. Executives/Administrators have become demoralized with institutions that do not embody qualities stable with those by which they expect to live. As claimed by Badaraco and Webb (1995) study, most of the young administrators complained being asked to do things they particularly trust were undesired and sometimes not allowed. Well-intentioned administrators were revealed to rely on a blend of corporate credos, declaration of their own certitudes, ethics hotlines, training schedules, and ombudsmen to create to ethical levels for their companies. As an outcome of inconsistent institutional moral levels, confusing patterns arise composing the recognition of a cynical perspective of institutional or business standards by young le aders. The researchers study mentioned the importance of values tutelage and a higher knowledge of ethical resolution-making for administrators. Administrative healthcare setting, ensure an unceasing presence of moral issues embedded in each day’s performances. The administrator of the health management has authorities to self, to the business, to the client fulfilled by the group, and also to the workers who give services at the company. With the data systems development, one ethical bother that frequently presents itself to the executive is information confidentiality. Confidential data is facts that are personal, secret and very much privileged. Administrator’s private information in the health care setting goes to the extent of patient medical data to broader information operations that direct

Marketing principles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Marketing principles - Assignment Example Lowering prices increase the sales volume of the company. In some cases, consumers do not consider the price of the product, but instead go for quality, cost effectiveness, accessibility, time, and value added. Therefore, price influences the companys growth and at the same time limited in its scope. These are company’s activities, which makes the product available to consumers. For products to be available to consumers, an organization must target larger geographical coverage and open distribution centers. Similarly, goods have to be placed next to consumers to allow their accessibility. Because of this, companies open distribution networks to enable the products and services reach the target market. This is a way the company communicates to its customers about the product, values and benefits. There are different ways an organization can promote its products, and they include internet marketing, print media adverts, direct sales among others. Marketing orientation is of benefit because it makes the organization respond to demands. It enables the organization to react to what customers want hence eliminating guessing and forecasting characterized by guessing what consumers wants. It also helps in building customer values, which helps a company in increasing customer loyalty to the brand. This benefits the company because it gives a competitive advantage and solidifies the customer base. The company also benefits from reward sales because of customers repeat larger purchase. However, it is costly because the company has to invest in marketing research. This may prove to be expensive for an organization will have to move and conduct a study in order to know what customers prefer. The microenvironment influencing MacDonald marketing strategies involves issues of its managements. For instance, the company has many customers, which influences its marketing decision. It has to market its products to reach its large customers

A history of the telephone

A history of the telephone The Telephone In todays world we can reach into our pocket, grab our cell phone, and dial the person we wish to get in contact with and be conversing with them in seconds. In the present time, this seems like no big deal at all, but it all had to start somewhere. In the early 1800s this was not the case. In order to talk to someone, it had to be face to face, or through a letter. In researching the biographies of the inventors of the telephone, it became apparent that Alexander Graham Bell had the most influence and is credited the most with the invention of the telephone. The first telephone built by Bell along with Thomas Watson was constructed with a funnel, a dish of acid, a small amount of copper wire, all on a wooden stand. Its outstanding to witness the transformations of that time and compare it to the telephone technologies experienced in the present. As with most inventions, Bell did not have the intentions originally of creating a device that would be able to transmit speech with the use of electric current. Instead, Bell originally was only focused on transmitting multiple tones and signals over a single wire. In order to get to this point though, the history of transmitting only electricity over a wire, to sound, to the telegraph needs to be understood somewhat. Stephen Gray was one of the first known scientists to transmit electricity over a wire in 1729 (cite). After him came two men, Pieter van Musschenbroek and Ewald von Kleist, who developed what appears to be the first attempt at a battery known as the Leyden jar(cite), which would be used in experiments, lectures and demonstrations widely in the future. This sort of static electricity would stumble scientists for years doing experiments involving creating and storing the static electricity, but it would never be powerful enough to control anything. The first actual battery was invented by Alessandro Volta, but it still was not powerful enough to have any use with machines. Batteries would become chemically based as they still are, but it was not enough to get to the transmission of voice over wire. What was needed to be understood along with electricity to become closer to the invention of the phone was magnetism. Christian Oersted (cite) started the idea and around 1820 discovered electromagnetism. He founded that a magnetic field could be created by electricity, so the question was could the opposite be possible? One of the main factors that would eventually lead to the invention of the telephone was that of induction. Michael Faraday a year later is the person who reversed Oersteds findings and created, or induced, an electric current using an electric field. This major find in history meant that mechanical energy can produce electrical energy. This would eventually lead to hand cranking and winding, windmills, and watermills. This was the invention of the first generator. Up to this point in history, the transferring of electricity had been completed, but there had been no practical use. In 1830 that changed when Joseph Henry used an electric current for the first time to show communication was possible. In his classroom he created an experiment where he completely an electric circuit, and when the circuit was completely it made a steel bar swing and strike a bell. While Henry did not pursue his findings more, Samuel Morse created the first working telegraph. Samuel Morse is most famously known for coding system he developed in order to use the machine to transmit messages. Morse code uses the telegraph creating electric pulses and sending them from one station to another. At the receiving station the code is broken down into Morses system of dots and dashes. Tapping the telegraph creates a dot, while holding down creates a series of dashes. Morse code and telegraphy became increasing popular as it caused for the decline in the old methods of transporting messages such as the Pony Express. What this all is important for and leads up to is that now inventors and scientists were beginning to focus on the transmission of speech over an electric current, but has not quite happened yet. Charles Bourseul was one of the first to write about transmitting human speech over a wire, but never practiced his idea. It would be Johann Phillip (cite) in 1861 who would create the first telephone seeming device, that did not work.

Chaucers The Wife of Bath :: Chaucer Wife Bath Essays

Chaucer's The Wife of Bath Chaucer’s character, the Wife of Bath, grabs the reader’s attention immediately as she sets the stage for giving an account of her beliefs on love and life: â€Å"Housbondes at chirche dore I have had five.† Because of her blunt honesty at the very beginning of her Prologue, the reader senses that the Wife of Bath feels no shame and carries no regrets about her many marriages. This is confirmed when the Wife proclaims, â€Å"Of whiche I have piked out the beste.† She displays two attitudes throughout the piece: living life to the fullest and loving to gossip about her past. We see this first attitude as the Wife looks back on her life and says, â€Å"But Lord Crist, whan that it remembreth me / Upon my youthe and on my jolitee, / It tikleth me aboute myn herte roote – / Unto this day it dooth myn herte boote / That I have had my world as in my time.† The Wife expresses joy over the life she has lived and seems completely satisfied with all that took place. Much of the history she entrusts to her fellow pilgrims details her sexual drive. Her sexual appetite represents her great desire for vivid living. The Wife is not bitter about any of her marriages. Even when the husbands seemed bothered by the fact that she acted like the man in the relationships in that she was demanding, controlling and sexually dominant, she did not mind. She actually reveled in the fact that she had complete control in four of her five marriages. This sexual appetite parallels her attitude of enjoyment and pleasure in life. Instead of feeling shameful about her overactive sex drive, she simply said, â€Å"God bade us for to wexe and mulitplye.† She does not feel disgraced by her actions; instead, she sees herself as simply following God’s orders. Additionally, she feels that her sexual appetite is sanctioned by God because, â€Å"He saide th at to be wedded is no sinne: / Bet is to be wedded than to brinne.† Because she is married, she is allowed to pursue her desires to their full force and feel no shame because she is not burning with a forbidden passion for a man that is not her husband. The second attitude expressed is that of a love for gossiping about herself.

Observation Report on Pre School Essay

Share details about your family, your relationship and views on your parents, spouse, brothers and sisters. I truly believe that being a member of a family is a priceless membership, that we can pay nothing for, but love, with that note I would like to briefly describe the family I was born in, my mother is a science teacher in Pinnacle school for more than a decade. My father, a mechanical engineer is serving Lloyd’s Insulation for more than 30 years. Almighty has been very kind to let me play a role of a big sister to my very special younger brother. Now about the family I was married into, my husband a wonderful man is a software engineer. In my family I have parents in law, a wonderful sister in law, and a very adorable daughter who is Five years old. 1) What was your most significant experience in childhood? My childhood was an amalgamation of experiences difficult to pinpoint any one. One experience which I can recall was that of building a nest for a baby bird which fell out of its nest. We group of friends nurtured and looked after that bird for as long as we can , gave it a nice cozy handkerchief box which I made in my school in the S.U.P.W class. As we grew and went to college my group of friends one day purchased a tiny puppy from the by lanes of Karol Bagh. Got the puppy back home and happily took turns to look after the puppy. One of the significant experiences of childhood was going to Aurangabad for my graduation. It taught me a lot about life and how to deal with the real world. 2) What were your memories of school days? Did you enjoy them? I have fond memories of the beautiful church our school compound had which I use to visit as a child early in the morning after getting down from the school bus. Our school had a little pond which had lot of Tadpoles in it. As kids I really enjoyed feeding them during recess time. I also enjoyed our dance class which we had in the school, sound of Ghungroo’s is still their in my memories. I enjoyed my music class at school we learnt a lot of beautiful songs their. I also remember standing Fifth in the fifth standard after burning the midnight oil. 3) Which teachers have the most impact and influence on you? Why? As a child till reaching college I came across many special teachers which left a mark on me. One such teacher was Mr.Jairam in my college in Aurangabad; He taught us Revenue management in college. His dedication to teach his subject was very well reflected in his lectures. For a tough question he uses to often say â€Å"This is not rocket science†. Another teacher which is close to my heart was an art teacher whom I use to go to as a child. She bought out so much creativity in me and made paint most difficult of paintings. She use to often treat us with goodies like Cookies and apple juice. 4) Why did you decide to consider teaching as a career? I discovered my love for children and teaching after my daughter was born. Being a hotel management graduate I decided to switch to teaching purely to express my love for children. It gives me great platform to express my creativity and carry back so much home to talk to my dear daughter. 5) As Head of school what are the innovative programs you would introduce? As Head of school I would like to introduce an evening school for the deserving children who want to study but economically can’t afford it. I would like training and workshops for the teachers for self improvement and their growth. 6) What are your personal strengths and which areas do you need to improve? My personal strength is to make people talk. Being a patient person I don’t give up on my students I keep getting back to them till they get the lesson. Areas I need improvement in can be in organizing things in advance.

Ralston Valley Volunteer Fire Department Essay

Question 1: One of Rick Wyatt’s promotion objectives should be to build awareness. The text brought out that many citizens of Ralston Valley were unaware of the presence of volunteer fire fighters, assuming a paid staff was always on hand. By making people conscious of this social service, he can develop interest in his target audience of young, healthy men and women possessing the quality of commitment. Another objective of Wyatt’s is to arouse demand. In this objective, Rick should aim to establish customer value, giving his audience a solid reason to participate in the volunteer firefighter program. Fulfilling this objective will enable the Volunteer Fire Department to gain new recruits. Rick Wyatt’s third objective should be to emphasize and reinforce the RVVFD brand. This objective takes the customer value established in objective two to recruit new members, retain current members, and build relationships. Question 2: To achieve his promotional Objectives, Rick Wyatt can start by having a societal marketing Orientation. This orientation will communicate to his audience that the RVVFD is supplying the town with needed firefighters, and is concerned about the welfare of the community. To accomplish the objective to build awareness, Wyatt needs to advertise. Due to limited funding, the cheapest and most effective advertising is word-of-mouth. Rick was recruited by his friend, a RVVFD volunteer, telling him about his role in the organization. Rick can ask his fellow members to take opportunities throughout the day to tell family, friends, and associates of what they do. Along with word of mouth advertising, he can also incorporate the internet to blog about his experiences. After building awareness of the service, and providing information, he can begin to stimulate demand. Rick can take advantage of the annual activities, and incorporate small, charismatic speeches, stating what the company has achieved, and its need for community participation. Lastly, to emphasize the RVVFD brand, the promotions need to leave a lasting effect in the heart of his audience. This will build a relationship of trust to his audience. Rick needs to clearly state the Fire Department’s Mission statement. It would also be wise to point out the requirements needed to needed to fulfill the job, and instill confidence that average everyday citizens can meet those requirements by pointing out that the force is comprised of lawyers as well as stay-at-home moms. This final stage will be ideal to retain current members, and also reaching out to new members, while establishing a good reputation that build loyalty.

Visit To The Planetarium Essays - Constellations, Ursa Major

Visit To The Planetarium Essays - Constellations, Ursa Major Visit To The Planetarium Astronomy Second Paper 11-27-00 I attended the Wagner College Planetarium(located in Spiro Hall)on November 15, 2000 at 11:00 for research and to observe the stars, planets and our entire solar system more closely. There was a clear dome on the ceiling for us to see the sky. The director of the show was Dennis Anderson. He put the latitude to forty degrees, and dimmed the lights. Up in the sky the stars are beautiful and bright. They seem, by the naked eye to be moving but the earth is what is actually moving. Everyone knows that the sky doesn't move. The earth rotates around the sun. The earth being in a different spot in its' orbit all the time gives us different stars to see at different times out of the year. A star is a huge ball of glowing gas in the sky. The Sun is a star. It is the only star close enough to the earth to look like a ball. The other billions of stars are so far away that they are no more than a pinpoint of light. A constellation is a bunch of stars in the sky that form a picture. Each Constellation has a definite time of the year when it reaches its highest point. At latitudes to far north or to far south of the equator, many constellations do not reach there culminates high enough to be seen. The constellations appear to move westward as the earth rotates around the Sun. For this reason, certain constellations can only be seen during one season of the year. There is Pegasus which is extremely large. If you connect the stars of Pegasus it is supposed to look like a horses body. However it is upside down. The instructor put a line going across the middle of the dome. It separated the sky from north to south. He said this line is called the Meridian. When a star is at the Meridian it is at its highest point. It is nine degrees elliptical on each side. The second brightest star is Mercury it has a very thick atmosphere. However the brightest star nearest to the horizon is Venus. We also saw Jupiter it was also a very bright star but not as bright as Venus. Jupiter has four moons' which was very interesting to see. We live in a spiral Galaxy. It has one to four billion stars. Some people believe we live in the barred galaxy. It is also called the Milky Way galaxy. If stars or galaxies explode we would not know until light years later. This is due to the great distance between us and other stars or galaxies. Light years are a measure of distance. Some bi-global clusters of stars are a numbered at 150,000 to one million stars bunched together. This is called Messier 13. Messier 13 is 30,000 light years away. It was discovered by a man named Charles Messier. Charles Messier also discovered the Stellar Nebular. He got a lot of credit for his time, which was around the 1700's. Many years ago stars were known as navigation systems. Sailors used the stars to guide them on where they wanted to go. They would look at the stars and try to judge where they were by where the stars were located in the sky. Thus turning the stars into a navigation system. If we were in the country side and not the city we would be able to see the stars much better. They would seem brighter to the naked eye. The instructor at the planetarium explained to us that in New York City the street lights and car lights seem to drown the energy of the stars. He also said that if something isn't done about it in a couple of decades we will not be able to see any stars from our city. A set of stars everyone is familiar with is the Big Dipper, but it is only part of a constellation called the Big Bear. There is also the Little Dipper. At the handle of the Little Dipper is a star called Polaris, which is also known as the North Star it stands out in the sky when you look

Study Guide and Quiz on Organ Systems

Study Guide and Quiz on Organ Systems The human body is made up of several organ systems that work as one unit. The major organ systems of the body work together, either directly or indirectly, to keep the body functioning normally. Organ Systems Some of the major organ systems of the body include: Circulatory System: The circulatory system circulates blood by pulmonary and systemic circuits. These pathways transport blood between the heart and the rest of the body. Digestive System: The digestive system processes the foods we eat in order to supply nutrients to the body. These nutrients are transported throughout the body by the circulatory system. Endocrine System: The endocrine system secretes hormones to regulate organ function and body processes, such as growth and maintaining homeostasis. Integumentary System: The integumentary system covers the exterior of the body, protecting internal structures from damage, germs, and dehydration. Nervous System: The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. This system monitors and controls all body systems and responds to external influences on the body. Reproductive System: The reproductive system ensures the survival of a species through the production of offspring by sexual reproduction. Male and female reproductive organs are also endocrine organs that secrete hormones to regulate sexual development. Quiz Do you know which organ system contains the largest organ in the body? Test your knowledge with the interactive organ systems quiz.

How to Land a Column Writing Gig

How to Land a Column Writing Gig In the midst of scouting regular paying assignments, writers often neglect to consider the benefits of column writing. Regular columns bolster your confidence as a writer and provide credibility to your career. Weekly and monthly columns appear in a variety of publications and need writers. Columns provide established deadlines that keep you writing regularly and give you a boost when the paycheck arrives. Here are a few tips on how to find one suited for you. 1.  Ã‚     Read Local Publications Local and community publications are the easiest to break into, particularly if you have limited writing experience. When we moved to a new town recently, I browsed local magazines at the Chamber of Commerce and began reading every circular that hit our mailbox. Upon finding a monthly publication with articles I enjoyed, I queried the editor with suggestions for a column that matched the publication’s style and content and included links to previous articles I’d written. She suggested we begin a trial period of six months before determining if it was a fit. I’m thankful to report I’ve been writing for them for more than a year. 2.  Ã‚     Pay Attention to Magazine Details and the Needs of the Editor Querying an editor of a local women’s publication after noticing a change in the content helped me land my first column gig. I had been reading Women’s Inc. for more than a year when I noticed the Wellness column disappeared. I wrote the editor to inquire and learned the regular columnist had left the position. After I submitted a few samples, she asked me to write a guest column. Shortly after, I was hired as a monthly columnist. 3.  Ã‚     Capitalize on Your Expertise Find publications that have general content related to your interests and suggest a unique angle or subject matter that matches your expertise. Although I was not published when I queried Women’s Inc., I had a master’s degree in Psychology and Counseling. Once I proved I could write satisfactorily, it was a perfect fit for both of us. 4.  Ã‚     Network with Other Writers Online writing groups, critique groups, and writer’s conferences are great places to meet other writers who can help you find opportunities suited for your particular writing. Be bold in asking more established writers for help. Years ago, as an avid reader of Lifeway publications, I met an acquaintance at church who I learned wrote for the national organization. Longing for the chance to write for one of their magazines, I summoned my courage and called her on the phone to seek her advice. She invited me to lunch to learn more about my writing dreams. Soon after, she alerted me to a Lifeway blog and an editor seeking writers for my niche- blended families. I immediately contacted him and submitted a few posts for free before landing a regular paying column. I’ve now been writing a monthly column for Lifeway’s publication, Parenting Teens, for four years. 5.  Ã‚     Don’t Shy Away from National Publications With a few writing clips to show, national publications might be attainable. Many editors - particularly of national magazine - prefer a writer submit six columns as part of the â€Å"interviewing† process. Again, use your expertise, network with other writers who can offer advice on the publication you’re interested in, and determine an editor’s need to find one that’s a match. As one who began my writing career as a monthly columnist, I found identity as a writer after seeing my name in print month after month.   Exploring the world of column writing offers exciting opportunities that keep your creative energy flowing and enhance your writing career in the process.

Stakeholders For Barwa and Emaar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stakeholders For Barwa and Emaar - Essay Example Based on this diverse industry portfolio, it can be deduced that Barwa has wide range of clients and they have all individual and distinct impact on Barwa. For example, shareholders, who are the real owners of the company, expect that the company should improve its financial figures by reporting higher net profit margin, earnings per share and so on. On the other hand, Emaar has more diverse business portfolio than the one reflected by Barwa. For example, Emaar operates in real estate, financial institutions, development industries, tourism industry, technologies and community management (hotel and resorts), shopping malls, strategic investment and industries as well (Group Structure, n.d.). Based on this analysis, it can be reflected that the Emaar shareholders expect more from the company management as the company has rich and diverse experience in the field of construction and real estate as well. Each stakeholder has own interests and concerns in both companies. For example, clients expect that both Barwa and Emaar provide quality construction and real estate services including timely completion of agreed construction and real estate projects and providing quality material, labor, cost estimations and so on. At the same time, the financial institutions, including investment and commercial banks and other loan providing agencies, are also concerned that both Emaar and Barwa should remain financially healthy and sound as their financial health enables them to maintain commercial relations with them; similarly, they are also concerned that both Emaar and Barwa must maintain their financial integrity and transparency as well. By having stable financial integrity and transparency, many financial institutions will be willing to extend loan or credit facility to both companies. Furthermore, the current and potential investors are highly interested and concerned to observe financial stability and financial

Identify and explain key difference between Europenization and Term Paper

Identify and explain key difference between Europenization and Globalization - Term Paper Example According to neo-liberal approach (Ladi 2007; Held 1999), Europeanization converts principles of Western liberal democracy, European identity and cooperation with regional organizations. The paper contains research and comparative analysis of two above phenomena in such spheres as regionalization, governance institutions, public sector reforms and Eastern European enlargement. Discovering differences of two above phenomena, it is necessary to define them as independent integral processes. For instance, Held and Iankova (Held 1999; Iankova 2007) claim that globalization weakens state structure and promotes overall policy change. Deregulation policy in mass media or any other economic sphere occurs parallel to political liberalization. On the one hand, it could become a source of efficient innovative modes of governance and statehood weakening. In this case, globalization is â€Å"a process in progress, where a large number of governmental and non-governmental agents plays an important role within the system of global governance.† (Ladi 2007, p. 4) It promotes regional integration and modification of governmental institutions in the EU. There is a widespread standpoint that Europeanization is a subsystem of globalization (Einhorn and Logue 2004). For example, economic globalization predetermines flourishing of economic models of the EU member-states. It results into deregulation, simplified taxation, goods transportation and broadening of national labor markets in Scandinavian countries. The authors analyze mechanisms of globalization within domestic environment. As Scandinavian countries have a mixed economic model with limited state ownership (Einhorn et al. 2004), governmental intervention into economic life of local communities has decreased. â€Å"Even public sector debt to GDP ratios and fiscal policy are explicitly impacted by

Present problems will not be solved without successful organizations, Essay

Present problems will not be solved without successful organizations, and organizations cannot be successful without effective leadership. - Bennis & Nanus, 199 - Essay Example Thus leadership behavior can come from an individual, a collective group of leaders, or even from the disincarnate — if not mystical — characteristics of a celebrity figurehead. Followers often endow the leader with status or prestige. Aside from the prestige-role sometimes granted to inspirational leaders, a more mundane usage of the word "leadership" can designate current front-runners that exercise influence over competitors, for example, a corporation or a product can hold a position of "market leadership" without any implication of permanence or of merited respect. Note that the ability to influence others does form an integral part of the "leadership" of some but not all front-runners. A front-runner in a sprint may "lead" the race, but does not have a position of "leadership" if he does not have the potential to influence others in some way. Thus one can make an important distinction between "being in the lead" and the process of leadership. Leadership implies a relationship of power — the power to guide others. In 1994 House and Podsakoff attempted to summarize the behaviors and approaches of "outstanding leaders" that they obtained from some more modern theories and research findings2. Power obviously is a pervasive reality in the life process of all modern-day organizations. Leaders regularly acquire and use power to accomplish specific work goals and to strengthen their own positions vis-Ã  -vis the reading of general or organizational goals. It is possible to see every interaction and every social relationship in an organization as involving an exercise of power3. Hence the term power, influence and Leadership are full of ambiguity for a layperson, or within political contexts. Control under organizational change can be transformed into opportunity that exercise influence over the organization of work, and thus create